xanthone in mangosteen/benefit/food value

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What are Xanthones?

Xanthones are active and natural substances rarely found in fruits and vegetables and are extremely powerful antioxidants. Scientists have identified 200 different varieties of xanthones and remarkably, 40 is found in mangosteen. These antioxidants travel throughout your body, literally mopping up the free radicals on their way, leaving the body cleaner and healthier than before. No other tropical fruit has been found to contain as much xanthones as mangosteen.

Mangosteen's xanthones (alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin) are more potent than Vitamin C or Vitamin E. Mangosteen also contains Garcinone-E, which researchers suggest may be useful for the treatment of certain types of cancer. Mangosteen includes many vitamins, minerals and nutrients as well as Catechins, Stilbene, Polysaccharides, and Quinones.

Scientists have discovered 200 xanthones and remarkably 40 is found in mangosteen.

Other important xanthones found in mangosteen include:

Beta-mangostin Garcinone Garcinone A Garcinone C Garcinone D Mangostanol Gartanin

A major test recognized as the industry standard for measuring anitoxidant activity is known as Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) was developed by USDA researchers at Tufts University. Total ORAC value measures total antioxidant strength of any substance. A high ORAC value corresponds to high antioxidant strength.

The antioxidant power of the whole mangosteen fruit juice has an ORAC value of 17,000. In comparison, whole blueberries, a rich source of antioxidants, has an ORAC value of 61 units per gram, while pomegranates has an ORAC value of 105 units per gram.

What Are Antioxidants?

Cells that have lost electrons are unstable cells and cause damage to healthy cells by stealing electrons from them. Over time, the free radicals build up and cause diseases like cancer, heart disease, and more. Environmental pollution, cigarette smoking, and radiation are some of the causes of the formation of free radicals.

The most common form of free radicals is oxygen. When the oxygen molecule is electrically charged, it tries to steal electrons from other molecules, damaging the DNA and other molecules.

Antioxidants tend to neutralize free radicals as the natural by-product of normal cell processes. Free radicals, with incomplete electron shells, makes them more chemically reactive than those with complete electron shells. Antioxidants, having extra electrons, donate them to neutralize the free radicals.

Antioxidants are abundant in fruits and vegetables -- also nuts, grain, fish, some meats and poultry. Examples of some antioxidants are listed below and includes the food sources:

Vitamin A - Liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, milk, egg yolks and mozzarella cheese.
Vitamin C - Fruits, vegetables, cereals, beef, poultry and fish.
Vitamin E - Almonds, wheat germ, safflower, corn, soybean oils, mangos, nuts, and broccoli.
Beta-carotene - Foods that are orange in color: sweet potatoes, carrots, cantaloupe, squash, apricots, pumpkin, and mangos. Some green leafy vegetables: collard greens, spinach, and kale.
Lutein - green, leafy vegetables: collard greens, spinach, and kale.
Lycopee - tomatoes, watermelon, guava, papaya, apricots, pink grapefruit, blood oranges, and other foods.
Selenium - plant foods like rice and wheat, meats, bread, and brazil nuts.

Potential Benefits You Get From Mangosteen

Scientific research on the mangosteen by a number of experts indicates that it can have well over 100 positive effects.

Here is a partial list of topics that describe the potential benefits of taking Mangosteen food supplements:

Anti-Bacterial
Studies show that xanthones can inhibit the reproduction of certain types of bacteria, such as, salmonella typhi and the tuberculosis bacteria.

Anti-Fungal
The xanthones of the Mangosteen were tested experimentally against three common fungi and demonstrated capability of inhibiting their growth.

Anti-Inflammatory
Researchers from India used the rind from Mangosteen to investigate its effects on other types of inflammation in the body. the results showed suppression of acute and chronic inflammation and

In another paper studying Mangosteen's effect on inflammation, it was noted that the xanthones do no interfere with the clotting mechanism of blood or produce stomach ulcers. Both of these are serious side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Anti-Lipidemia-lowering of blood cholesterol
Scientists from Australia and Thailand have postulated that if Mangosteen inhibits oxidative (free radical) damage, then perhaps it could help with reducing the oxidation of LDL ("bad" cholesterol) in the blood. After a series of experiments, scientists concluded that the xanthones from Mangosteen are effective inhibitors of LDL oxidation.

Antioxidant
After studying the antioxidant properties of the Mangosteen, a new laboratory test known as Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), developed by USDA researchers at Tuft University, researchers discovered that the Mangosteen rind exhibited "potent free radical scavenging activity."

Anti-tumor/Cancer
The anti-cancer activity of Magosteen phytoceuticals specifically Garcinone E has been well-documented. Garcinone E, a xanthone found only in Mangosteen, is a natural compound and has been known to cause no side effects, as opposed to the (5) five commonly used chemotherapeutic agents.

Anti-Viral
Because xanthones have anti-viral capabilities, scientists at the National University of Singapore investigated the effects the Mangosteen xanthones would have on the HIV virus. In the experiment, two xanthones demonstrated the ability to interfere with HIV protease causing the virus to remain immature and incapable of infection.

Mangosteen's Food Value
Per 100g of Edible Portion*

Calories 60-63 Moisture 80.2-84.9 g Protein 0.50-0.60 g Fat 0.1-0.6 g Total Carbohydrates 14.3-15.6 g Total Sugars 16.42-16.82 g (sucrose, glucose and fructose) Fiber 5.0-5.1 g Ash 0.2-0.23 g Calcium 0.01-8.0 mg Phosphorus 0.02-12.0 mg Iron 0.20-0.80 mg Thiamine 0.03 mg Ascorbic Acid 1.0-2.0 mg

*Minimum/maximum values from analysis made in the Philippines and Washington, D.C.